Frequently Asked Questions

A surgical mask is a type of face mask worn by healthcare professionals during medical procedures to protect both the patient and the wearer from infections and contaminants. These masks are designed to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, particularly through respiratory droplets, which are expelled when a person talks, coughs, or sneezes.

Surgical face masks are categorized into different levels based on their performance and the degree of protection they offer, primarily defined by standards such as the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) F2100 in the United States. Level 1 masks provide low barrier protection, with a bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) and particle filtration efficiency (PFE) of ≥ 95%, and a minimum fluid resistance of 80 mmHg, suitable for procedures with low risk of fluid exposure. Level 2 masks offer moderate barrier protection, with a BFE and PFE of ≥ 98%, and a fluid resistance of 120 mmHg, making them appropriate for dental and endoscopic procedures where there is a moderate risk of fluid exposure. Level 3 masks provide high barrier protection, also with a BFE and PFE of ≥ 98%, but with a higher fluid resistance of 160 mmHg, ideal for surgical procedures and high-risk environments with a high potential for exposure to fluids and aerosols. Comfort and fit are essential across all levels to ensure the masks are effective and wearable for extended periods, and masks should comply with relevant standards like ASTM F2100. Proper usage, including covering both the nose and mouth completely and changing the mask if it becomes wet or contaminated, is crucial for maintaining the effectiveness of surgical face masks.

Surgical face masks are constructed from a combination of materials designed to provide effective filtration, fluid resistance, and breathability, while ensuring comfort for the wearer. The primary material used is polypropylene, a lightweight plastic polymer with excellent filtration properties, used to create nonwoven fabrics through processes like melt-blowing and spunbonding. These masks typically consist of three layers: the outer layer made of spunbond polypropylene, which is fluid-resistant to protect against splashes and droplets; the middle layer made of melt-blown polypropylene, which serves as the key filtration layer trapping bacteria, viruses, and other particles; and the inner layer made of spunbond polypropylene or another soft, non-irritating material that absorbs moisture and ensures comfort. Additional components include an adjustable nose strip made of metal or plastic to secure the mask over the nose and reduce gaps, and ear loops or ties made from elastic materials like spandex or a combination of polyester and rubber, or soft fabric. Some masks may also include antimicrobial treatments or coatings for added protection against microorganisms. The careful selection and combination of these materials ensure that surgical masks provide the necessary protection and comfort for both healthcare professionals and patients.

Surgical face masks and N95 respirators are both used for respiratory protection, but they differ significantly in design, functionality, and level of protection. Surgical masks are primarily designed to protect patients from the wearer's respiratory emissions and to shield the wearer from large droplets, splashes, and sprays of bodily fluids. They are loose-fitting, covering the nose and mouth with ear loops or ties, and are made of multiple layers of nonwoven fabric, including a fluid-resistant outer layer, a middle filtration layer, and a moisture-absorbing inner layer. While effective at filtering large particles and droplets, surgical masks do not provide reliable protection against airborne particles due to their loose fit and are commonly used in surgical settings and general patient care. In contrast, N95 respirators are designed to provide a tight facial fit and highly efficient filtration of airborne particles, protecting the wearer from both large droplets and smaller airborne particles, including viruses and bacteria. These respirators feature adjustable nose clips and head straps to create a secure seal around the nose and mouth and are constructed with multiple layers, including electrostatically charged microfibers that enhance particle capture. N95 respirators filter at least 95% of airborne particles as small as 0.3 microns, offering a significantly higher level of protection compared to surgical masks. They are used in healthcare settings for protection against airborne infectious agents and in environments with hazardous airborne particles, such as construction or industrial settings. Regulated by NIOSH, N95 respirators are essential for high-risk environments requiring protection from airborne contaminants.

The level of surgical face mask you should wear depends on the specific environment and type of procedure you are involved in. For general patient care and procedures with low risk of fluid exposure, a Level 1 mask is sufficient. This includes routine exams, basic procedures like cleaning, and non-invasive tasks that do not involve exposure to blood, body fluids, or infectious materials. For procedures with moderate risk of fluid exposure, such as dental procedures, endoscopic procedures, and tasks with a moderate risk of splashes or sprays, a Level 2 mask is recommended. In high-risk environments, such as surgical procedures, major trauma cases, and situations with a high potential for exposure to blood, bodily fluids, or airborne particles, a Level 3 mask is necessary. It is crucial to ensure the mask fits well, is comfortable for extended wear, allows adequate airflow, and meets relevant standards, such as ASTM F2100. Always assess the specific needs of your work environment and choose the appropriate level of protection to ensure your safety and the safety of those around you.